📖 Revision notes

Experimental Chemistry — Interactive Lab

A virtual separation-techniques bench based on the O-Level Experimental Chemistry topic. Drag, tilt and click the apparatus like the real thing — then check the notes to see the chemistry behind each step.

Filtration setup: funnel with filter paper over a conical flask
Solid + liquid

Filtration

Fold the paper, load the funnel, tilt the beaker and collect the filtrate.

Simple distillation setup: flask, condenser and receiver
Solution

Simple Distillation

Boiling chips, counter-current cooling, pure water from salt water.

Fractional distillation setup with fractionating column
Miscible liquids

Fractional Distillation

Beads, a 78 °C plateau, and a receiver swap you mustn't miss.

Separating funnel holding two immiscible liquid layers
Immiscible liquids

Separating Funnel

Drain the bottom layer and stop right at the boundary.

Sublimation: purple iodine crystals warmed in a beaker, the vapour re-forming on a cold round flask above
Solid + solid

Sublimation

Warm gently, catch the purple vapour on a cold flask.

Paper chromatography: a strip in a beaker of solvent, its dye spots separated into a coloured column
Dyes & inks

Paper Chromatography

Two strips, two run times — and the same Rf every time.

An evaporating dish of blue solution heated on a tripod over a Bunsen flame, steam rising
Dissolved solid

Evaporation

Stand the dish on the gauze, pour in the solution and boil off the water to leave the solid behind.

Blue copper(II) sulfate crystals grown in an evaporating dish on a tripod over a Bunsen flame
Pure crystals

Crystallisation

Heat only to saturation, then switch the burner off and let it cool — or it dries to a dull powder.

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Test yourself

Question Bank

Fifteen past-year Paper 1 multiple-choice questions covering every technique. Choose an answer, confirm, and see it marked instantly.

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